|
 |
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
Year : 2016 | Volume
: 7
| Issue : 1 | Page : 17-20 |
|
|
Tumor markers: A diagnostic tool
Madhav Nagpal1, Shreya Singh2, Pranshu Singh3, Pallavi Chauhan4, Meesam Abbas Zaidi2
1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SGT, Gurgaon, Haryana, India 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Uttaranchal Dental and Medical Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 3 Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, KGMC, Lucknow, India 4 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Bankey Bihari Dental College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Date of Web Publication | 19-Dec-2016 |
Correspondence Address: Dr. Shreya Singh Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Uttaranchal Dental and Medical Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0975-5950.196135
Abstract | | |
The purpose of this review is to give a brief background to enable the judicious use of widely performed serum cancer markers. The markers could be product of cancerous cell or as response to cancer. They are usually proteins, which are mainly found in blood or urine. These markers may be employed to predict primary or secondary tumor risk. Sometimes, non-cancerous conditions can also cause elevation of some tumor markers to be higher than normal. Besides, not every cancer patient may have raised level of a tumor marker. For these reasons, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has increased tremendously. Awareness for cancer and related tumor markers providing great opportunities for improving the management of cancer patients by enhancing the efficiency of detection and efficacy of treatment. Keywords: Biomarkers, cancerous, oral squamous cell carcinoma, tumor markers
How to cite this article: Nagpal M, Singh S, Singh P, Chauhan P, Zaidi MA. Tumor markers: A diagnostic tool. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2016;7:17-20 |
How to cite this URL: Nagpal M, Singh S, Singh P, Chauhan P, Zaidi MA. Tumor markers: A diagnostic tool. Natl J Maxillofac Surg [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Jan 29];7:17-20. Available from: https://www.njms.in/text.asp?2016/7/1/17/196135 |
Introduction | |  |
These are biochemical indicators of presence of a tumor.[1] In clinical practice, it refers to a molecule that can be detected in plasma and body fluids.[2] Tumor markers are measurable biochemicals that are associated with a malignancy. These markers are either produced by tumor cells (tumor-derived) or by the body in response to tumor cell (tumor-associated). They are typically substances that are released into the circulation and thus measured in the blood.[3],[4] Tumor markers are not the primary modalities for cancer diagnosis rather they can be used as laboratory test to support the diagnosis.[1]
Cancer is a cluster of diseases involving alterations in the status and expression of multiple genes that confer a survival advantage and undiminished proliferative potential to somatic or germinal cells.[3] Alterations primarily in three main classes of genes, namely (proto) oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes collectively contribute to the development of cancer genotype and phenotype that resists the natural and inherent death mechanism(s) embedded in cells (apoptosis and like processes), coupled with dysregulation of cell proliferation events [Figure 1].[1] | Figure 1: The process of carcinogenesis showing opportunities of identifying biomarkers
Click here to view |
Use and Advantages | |  |
Although tumor markers are usually imperfect as screening tests for detection of occult (hidden) cancers, once a particular tumor has been found using a marker, the marker may be a way of monitoring the success (or failure) of treatment.
The tumor marker level may also reflect the extent (the stage) of the disease, indicating how quickly the cancer is likely to progress and helping to determine the prognosis (outlook).
Rising levels of tumor markers on test results can be, but are not always worrisome. Although changes in tumor marker levels may be the cause for alarm, other noncancerous diseases can cause test results to vary. Conditions in the laboratory that process tests may also alter the results.[5],[6]
Advantages of using tumor markers
Screening and early detection of cancer
Screening refers to looking for cancer in people who have no symptoms of the disease, while early detection is finding cancer at an early stage. Although tumor markers were first developed to test for cancer in people without symptoms, very few tumor markers have been found to be helpful in this way because most tumor markers have not been shown to detect cancer much earlier than they would have been found otherwise.
Aid in the diagnosis of cancer
In most cases, cancer can only be diagnosed by a biopsy and tumor markers are usually not used to diagnose cancer. However, tumor markers can help determine if a cancer is likely in some patients. It can also help diagnose the origin of cancer in patients presenting with advanced widespread disease.
Determine response to therapy
One of the most important uses for tumor markers is to monitor patients being treated for cancer. If the initially raised tumor marker level goes down with treatment, it indicates that the treatment is working and is having a beneficial effect. On the other hand, if the marker level goes up, then the treatment is probably not working and change of treatment should be considered.
Prognostic indicator of disease progression
Some newer tumor markers help to assess how aggressive a cancer is likely to be or even how well it might respond to certain drugs.
Indicate relapse during follow-up period
Indicate relapse during follow-up period. Markers are also used to detect cancers that recur after initial treatment. Some tumor markers can be useful once treatment has been completed and with no evidence of residual cancer left. These include prostate-specific antigen (for prostate cancer), human chorionic gonadotropin (for gestational trophoblastic tumors and germ cell tumors of ovaries and testicles), and cancer 125 (for epithelial ovarian cancer).
Disadvantages | |  |
Being able to deduce diagnostic patterns that are unique to specific cancer states is a challenge because of the biological variability in an individual patient's sample, as well as the huge range of biomarker concentrations in all patients compared.
Differences in sample collection, handling or storage, and profiling techniques among various research sites may change the protein profile obtained from a given sample. Therefore, standardization issues regarding biological variation, preanalytical variables, and analytical variability must be tackled before standard values can be established.
A major problem in the identification of cancer biomarkers is the very low concentrations of markers obtained from tissues with small, early-stage cancer lesions.[5],[7]
Other problems
Other problems associated with the identification of cancer biomarkers are as follows:
- Lack of reliability
- Proteins and/or modified proteins may vary among individuals, between cell types, and even within the same cell under different stimuli or different disease states. Hence, it is difficult to know which value obtained from an individual is accurate and what value in different patients indicates a problem
- Normal cells as well as cancer cells can produce most tumor markers
- Tumor markers are not always present in early-stage cancers
- Tumor markers can be present because of noncancerous conditions
- People with cancer may never have elevated tumor markers in their blood
- Even when tumor marker levels are high, they are not specific enough to confirm the presence of cancer.
Note: A host of tumor markers are identified every year and only a few have stood the test of time and can be used clinically.[8],[9]
Examples | |  |
- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
- It is produced by embryonic tissue of gut, pancreas, and liver
- It is a complex glycoprotein elaborated by many different neoplasms
- Serum level is positive in:
- 60–90% - Colorectal carcinoma
- 50–80% - Pancreatic carcinoma
- 25–50% - Gastric and breast carcinoma.
- CEA is elevated in many benign disorders:
- Alcoholic cirrhosis
- Hepatitis
- Ulcerative colitis
- CEA assays lack both sensitivity and specificity required for detection of early cancers.
- Prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen
- They detect prostate cancer.
- Human chronic gonadotropins
- They detect testicular tumors.
- Cancer 125
- It detects ovarian cancer.
- Proteins: Most recently, detection of four proteins in the saliva of cancer patients has been found to be the useful markers of oral cancer with 90% sensitivity and 83% specificity for oral squamous cell carcinoma. These proteins include (i) calcium-binding protein MRP14 implicated in several types of cancer; (ii) CD59 overexpressed on tumor cells that enables them to escape from complement-dependent and antibody-mediated immune responses; (iii) Profilin 1, a protein involved in several signaling pathways with cytoplasmic and nuclear ligands, generally secreted into tumor microenvironments during the early progressive stage of tumorigenesis; and (iv) catalase, a member of the enzymatic antioxidative system, whose level is elevated in many human tumors and involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, long-term studies employing large number of oral cancer patients as well as subjects at high risk of developing oral cancer are needed to validate these potential biomarkers [1],[10]
- Mitochondrial markers: Mitochondria typically contain multiple haploid copies of their own genome (16.5 kb), including most components of transcription, translation, and protein assembly. mtDNA is present at 1000–10,000 copies/cell, and the vast majority of these copies are identical (homoplasmic) at birth. Several mutations in the mtDNA, particularly in the D-loop region, have been recently found in breast, colon, esophageal, endometrial, head and neck, liver, kidney, leukemia, lung, melanoma, oral, prostate, and thyroid cancers.[11] Brief overview of tumor markers have been listed in [Table 1].
Precautions | |  |
- There is not a good consensus in the medical community about the value of most tumor or markers
- They lack specificity and accuracy
- False-positives can cause emotional distress and fear
- It is not yet determined if there is savings of life or money with testing
- Currently, much controversy surrounds the issue of mass screening for cancer using tumor marker.[8]
Future Scope of Tumor Markers | |  |
The future holds great promise for the field of tumor markers. With the advances in genomic and proteomic technology, human diseases will be classified based on molecular rather than morphological analysis. This will occur through techniques such as laser capture micro-dissection for the procurement of tissues and cells, and by combining genomic and proteomic analysis. Early diagnosis of disease is possible by using unique gene or protein profiles consisting of multiple biomarkers. The analysis of panels of protein biomarkers may be performed by using traditional ELISA or antibody-based protein chips for parallel testing. Furthermore, there will be many more diagnostic tests generated as a result of genomic and proteomic discoveries.
In the future, the development of biochips will grow much faster than rest of the diagnostic industry which will include DNA, RNA, and protein chip. All the types of samples will be analyzed including tissues, cells, and body fluids. Integrated diagnostic tools that combine these methods with molecular imaging technique will be used. Finally, bioinformatics will link to scientific data to clinical information to provide and better more comprehensive care of the patient's health. We will witness a rapid translation of new discoveries from the laboratory to patient's bedside. With advances in proteomic, laboratory testing and hence laboratory diagnosis become even more important in the integral health-care delivery system.[12]
Conclusion | |  |
A large number of molecular markers are associated with the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of carcinoma. Markers of increased proliferation in oral cancer have been identified and explored for more than a decade. Although a large body of literature exists on the association of these markers with tumor grading and different degrees of dysplasia in premalignant lesions, it is surprising that there are only a few markers that have an impact on prognosis. Nevertheless, markers of cellular proliferation are difficult to interpret as an independent scale for judgment for tumor prognosis.
There is ever-growing number of molecular markers for oral cancer. Nevertheless, a number of studies have shown that it is not the presence of tumor markers as such that make up for the prognosis of the disease, but also the location of these markers within the tumor. In particular, the invasive front of the tumor appears to be of great importance for prognosis.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References | |  |
1. | Bhatt AN, Mathur R, Farooque A, Verma A, Dwarakanath BS. Cancer biomarkers – Current perspectives. Indian J Med Res 2010;132:129-49.  [ PUBMED] |
2. | Virji MA, Mercer DW, Herberman RB. Tumor markers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. CA Cancer J Clin 1988;38:104-26. |
3. | Sotiriou C, Lothaire P, Dequanter D, Cardoso F, Awada A. Molecular profiling of head and neck tumors. Curr Opin Oncol 2004;16:211-4. |
4. | Wu JT. Diagnosis and management of cancer using serologic tumor markers. In: Henry JB, editor. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 20 th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company; 2001. p. 1028-42. |
5. | Garg A, Ahmed S, Sinha A, Singh HP. Tumor markers – Its advantages and limitations in diagnosis of oral cancer. Univ J Dent Sci 2015;1:42-45. |
6. | Tumuluri V, Thomas GA, Fraser IS. Analysis of the Ki-67 antigen at the invasive tumour front of human oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31:598-604. |
7. | Matsumoto M, Komiyama K, Okaue M, Shimoyama Y, Iwakami K, Namaki S, et al. Predicting tumor metastasis in patients with oral cancer by means of the proliferation marker Ki67. J Oral Sci 1999;41:53-6. |
8. | Eissa S. Tumor Markers. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 1999. |
9. | Sharma S. Tumor markers in clinical practice: General principles and guidelines. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2009;30:1-8.  [ PUBMED] |
10. | Hu S, Arellano M, Boontheung P, Wang J, Zhou H, Jiang J, et al. Salivary proteomics for oral cancer biomarker discovery. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:6246-52. |
11. | Jakupciak JP, Wang W, Markowitz ME, Ally D, Coble M, Srivastava S, et al. Mitochondrial DNA as a cancer biomarker. J Mol Diagn 2005;7:258-67. |
12. | Rein BJ, Gupta S, Dada R, Safi J, Michener C, Agarwal A. Potential markers for detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer. J Oncol 2011;2011:475983. |
[Figure 1]
[Table 1]
This article has been cited by | 1 |
Up-regulation of GINS1 highlighted a good diagnostic and prognostic potential of survival in three different subtypes of human cancer |
|
| M. Ahmad, Y. Hameed, M. Khan, M Usman, A. Rehman, U. Abid, R. Asif, H. Ahmed, M. S. Hussain, J. U. Rehman, H. M. Asif, R. Arshad, M. Atif, A. Hadi, U. Sarfraz, U. Khurshid | | Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2024; 84 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 2 |
A novel carbohydrate antigen 125 electrochemical sensor based on sweet almond oil organo-hydrogels |
|
| Omer Faruk Er, Duygu Alpaslan, Tuba Ersen Dudu, Nahit Aktas, Sebahattin Çelik, Hilal Kivrak | | Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2023; : 127441 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 3 |
Biological and genetic basis of various human genetic disorders and the application of biological and genetic markers |
|
| Atif Abdulwahab A. Oyouni | | Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2022; : 101961 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 4 |
Novel Cacao oil-based organo-hydrogels to detect carcinoma antigen 125 in serum medium; synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical measurements |
|
| Omer Faruk Er, Duygu Alpaslan, Tuba Ersen Dudu, Nahit Aktas, Hilal Kivrak | | Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2022; : 126795 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 5 |
Gold nanoparticle-based optical nanosensors for food and health safety monitoring: recent advances and future perspectives |
|
| Nguyen Ha Anh, Mai Quan Doan, Ngo Xuan Dinh, Tran Quang Huy, Doan Quang Tri, Le Thi Ngoc Loan, Bui Van Hao, Anh-Tuan Le | | RSC Advances. 2022; 12(18): 10950 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 6 |
Optical and Electrochemical Aptasensors Developed for the Detection of Alpha-Fetoprotein |
|
| Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, A. Heri Iswanto, Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia, Fahad Al-Saikhan, Anton Timoshin, Azher M. Abed, Irfan Ahmad, Sofiya A. Blinova, Ali Thaeer Hammid, Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Pham Van Tuan | | Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 7 |
Development and Clinical Application of Tumor-derived Exosomes in
Patients with Cancer |
|
| Javad Verdi, Neda Ketabchi, Negar Noorbakhsh, Mahshid Saleh, Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough, Iman Seyhoun, Maria Kavianpour | | Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2022; 17(1): 91 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 8 |
Biosensing chips for cancer diagnosis and treatment: a new wave towards clinical innovation |
|
| Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Zeeshan Javed, Jesús Herrera-Bravo, Haleema Sadia, Faiza Anum, Shahid Raza, Arifa Tahir, Muhammad Naeem Shahwani, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Daniela Calina, William C. Cho | | Cancer Cell International. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 9 |
The Number of Positive Tumor Markers (NPTM) Achieves Higher Value in the Prognosis Prediction of Gastric Cancer |
|
| Limin Li, Bing Ma, Fubin Liu, Chao Sheng, Yu Peng, Yating Qiao, Peng Wang, Kexin Chen, Fangfang Song, Alvaro González | | Disease Markers. 2022; 2022: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 10 |
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 as a Marker for Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
|
| Kathryn Chen, Joel Yong, Roland Zauner, Verena Wally, John Whitelock, Mila Sajinovic, Zlatko Kopecki, Kang Liang, Kieran Francis Scott, Albert Sleiman Mellick | | Cancers. 2022; 14(22): 5564 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 11 |
Predictive value of Leukocyte ImmunoTest (LIT™) in cancer patients: a prospective cohort study |
|
| Xiaomeng Li, Xiaojun Ma, Yifeng Liu, Enqiang Chang, Jiang Cui, Daqing Ma, Jiaqiang Zhang | | Frontiers in Oncology. 2022; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 12 |
Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools |
|
| Rosaceleste Zumpano,Francesca Polli,Cristine D’Agostino,Riccarda Antiochia,Gabriele Favero,Franco Mazzei | | Electrochem. 2021; 2(1): 10 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 13 |
SecProCT: In Silico Prediction of Human Secretory Proteins Based on Capsule Network and Transformer |
|
| Wei Du,Xuan Zhao,Yu Sun,Lei Zheng,Ying Li,Yu Zhang | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16): 9054 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 14 |
Review—Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Breast Cancer |
|
| Christopher Edozie Sunday,Mahabubur Chowdhury | | Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2021; 168(2): 027511 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 15 |
Identification of potential salivary biomarker panels for oral squamous cell carcinoma |
|
| Anu Jain,Chinmaya Narayana Kotimoole,Sushmita Ghoshal,Jaimanti Bakshi,Aditi Chatterjee,Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad,Arnab Pal | | Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 16 |
Combination of tumor markers predicts progression and pathological response in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment |
|
| Zining Liu,Yinkui Wang,Fei Shan,Xiangji Ying,Yan Zhang,Shuangxi Li,Yongning Jia,Rulin Miao,Kan Xue,Zhemin Li,Ziyu Li,Jiafu Ji | | BMC Gastroenterology. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 17 |
Can conventional clinical chemistry tests help doctors in the monitoring of oncology patients? |
|
| Valery G. Zaitsev,Anastasia A. Zheltova,Svetlana A. Martynova,Elena V. Tibirkova | | Russian Open Medical Journal. 2021; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 18 |
Bispecific antibodies in colorectal cancer therapy: recent insights and emerging concepts |
|
| Farideh Ghalamfarsa,Seyyed Hossein Khatami,Omid Vakili,Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh,Amir Tajbakhsh,Amir Savardashtaki,Yousef Fazli,Leila Rezaei Uonaki,Zahra Shabaninejad,Ahmad Movahedpour,Ghasem Ghalamfarsa | | Immunotherapy. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 19 |
Cancer of Unknown Primary in the Molecular Era |
|
| Shumei Kato,Ahmed Alsafar,Vighnesh Walavalkar,John Hainsworth,Razelle Kurzrock | | Trends in Cancer. 2021; 7(5): 465 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 20 |
Early Diagnostic Ability of Human Complement Factor B in Pancreatic Cancer Is Partly Linked to Its Potential Tumor-Promoting Role |
|
| Min Jung Lee, Keun Na, Heon Shin, Chae-Yeon Kim, Jin-Young Cho, Chang Moo Kang, Sung Hyun Kim, Hoguen Kim, Hye Jin Choi, Choong-kun Lee, Sumi Bae, Sunghwa Son, Young-Ki Paik | | Journal of Proteome Research. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 21 |
Multifunctional Nanolabels Based on Polydopamine Nanospheres for Sensitive Alpha Fetoprotein Electrochemical Detection |
|
| Yunli Wang, Yaxing Hong, Ming Wang, Yingchun Zhu | | ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 22 |
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure Studies of Nrf2 Modulators for Inhibiting Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo |
|
| Prathima Chikkegowda,Baburajeev C. Pookunoth,Venugopal R. Bovilla,Prashanthkumar M. Veeresh,Zonunsiami Leihang,Thippeswamy Thippeswamy,Mahesh A. Padukudru,Basavanagowdappa Hathur,Rangappa S. Kanchugarakoppal,Rangappa S. Basappa,SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula | | ACS Omega. 2021; 6(15): 10054 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 23 |
The
FBXW7-NOTCH interactome
: A ubiquitin proteasomal system-induced crosstalk modulating oncogenic transformation in human tissues |
|
| Rohan Kar,Saurabh Kumar Jha,Shreesh Ojha,Ankur Sharma,Sunny Dholpuria,Venkata Sita Rama Raju,Parteek Prasher,Dinesh Kumar Chellappan,Gaurav Gupta,Sachin Singh,Keshav Raj Paudel,Philip M. Hansbro,Sandeep Singh,Janne Ruokolainen,Kavindra Kumar Kesari,Kamal Dua,Niraj Kumar Jha | | Cancer Reports. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 24 |
Three-dimensional porous calcium alginate fluorescence bead–based immunoassay for highly sensitive early diagnosis of breast cancer |
|
| Ying Yao Chia, T. Malathi Theverajah, Yatimah Alias, Sook Mei Khor | | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 25 |
DeepHBSP: A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Human Blood-Secretory Proteins Using Transfer Learning |
|
| Wei Du,Yu Sun,Hui-Min Bao,Liang Chen,Ying Li,Yan-Chun Liang | | Journal of Computer Science and Technology. 2021; 36(2): 234 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 26 |
Lateral flow immunoassay based on gold magnetic nanoparticles for the protein quantitative detection: Prostate-specific antigen |
|
| Yu Cai,Shanshan Zhang,Chen Dong,Jiangcun Yang,Ting Ma,Hua Zhang,Yali Cui,Wenli Hui | | Analytical Biochemistry. 2021; 627: 114265 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 27 |
Assessment of Molecular Remission in Oligometastatic Esophageal Cancer With a Personalized Circulating Tumor DNA Assay |
|
| David J. Einstein,Nathan Liang,Meenakshi Malhotra,Alexey Aleshin,Solomon Moshkevich,Paul R. Billings,Eirini Pectasides | | JCO Precision Oncology. 2020; (4): 239 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 28 |
DeepUEP: Prediction of Urine Excretory Proteins Using Deep Learning |
|
| Wei Du,Ran Pang,Gaoyang Li,Huansheng Cao,Ying Li,Yanchun Liang | | IEEE Access. 2020; 8: 100251 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 29 |
Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: Seven cases (2009–2019) |
|
| G. Rocafort Ferrer,M. Nolf,S. Belluco,I. Desjardins | | Equine Veterinary Education. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 30 |
Nanobodies as non-invasive imaging tools |
|
| M. Rashidian,H. Ploegh | | Immuno-Oncology Technology. 2020; 7: 2 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 31 |
CapsNet-SSP: multilane capsule network for predicting human saliva-secretory proteins |
|
| Wei Du,Yu Sun,Gaoyang Li,Huansheng Cao,Ran Pang,Ying Li | | BMC Bioinformatics. 2020; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 32 |
Nanosensors-Assisted Quantitative Analysis of Biochemical Processes in Droplets |
|
| Dmitry Belyaev,Julian Schütt,Bergoi Ibarlucea,Taiuk Rim,Larysa Baraban,Gianaurelio Cuniberti | | Micromachines. 2020; 11(2): 138 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 33 |
Evaluation of Riboflavin Transporters as Targets for Drug Delivery and Theranostics |
|
| Lisa Bartmann,David Schumacher,Saskia von Stillfried,Marieke Sternkopf,Setareh Alampour-Rajabi,Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort,Fabian Kiessling,Zhuojun Wu | | Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019; 10 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 34 |
Cancer prevention and screening: the next step in the era of precision medicine |
|
| Holli A. Loomans-Kropp,Asad Umar | | npj Precision Oncology. 2019; 3(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 35 |
Canine perineal tumours and selected tumour markers |
|
| Alexandra Valencáková-Agyagosová,Beáta Kiselová-Bileková,Mária Figurová,Valent Ledecký,Luboš Zábranský,Lubica Hornáková | | Acta Veterinaria Brno. 2019; 88(4): 419 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 36 |
Application of various optical and electrochemical aptasensors for detection of human prostate specific antigen: A review |
|
| Farzaneh Ghorbani,Hossein Abbaszadeh,Jafar Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi,Leili Aghebati-Maleki,Mehdi Yousefi | | Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2019; 142: 111484 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 37 |
Electrochemical detection of the human cancer biomarker ‘autocrine motility factor-phosphoglucose isomerase’ based on a biosensor formed with a monosaccharidic inhibitor |
|
| Lama Ahmad,Laurent Salmon,Hafsa Korri-Youssoufi | | Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2019; 299: 126933 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 38 |
A multicentre clinical validation of AminoIndex Cancer Screening (AICS) |
|
| Haruo Mikami,Osamu Kimura,Hiroshi Yamamoto,Shinya Kikuchi,Yohko Nakamura,Toshihiko Ando,Minoru Yamakado | | Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 39 |
Patented therapeutic approaches targeting LRP/LR for cancer treatment |
|
| Leila Vania,Gavin Morris,Tyrone C Otgaar,Monique J Bignoux,Martin Bernert,Jessica Burns,Anne Gabathuse,Elvira Singh,Eloise Ferreira,Stefan F T Weiss | | Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 2019; 29(12): 987 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 40 |
Global Plasma Profiling for Colorectal Cancer-Associated Volatile Organic Compounds: a Proof-of-Principle Study |
|
| Seongho Kim,Xinmin Yin,Md Aminul Islam Prodhan,Xiang Zhang,Zichun Zhong,Ikuko Kato | | Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 41 |
Evaluating the potential of circulating hTERT levels in glioma: can plasma levels serve as an independent prognostic marker? |
|
| Puneet Gandhi,Richa Khare,Nitin Garg | | Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 42 |
Association between clinical stage of oral cancer and expression of immunohistochemical markers |
|
| Wojciech Swiatkowski,Mansur Rahnama,Tomasz Tomaszewski,Mariola Bigas,Agnieszka Swiatkowska,Michal Lobacz,Jan Wallner | | Polish Journal of Surgery. 2017; 89(6): 17 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
 |
|