|
 |
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
Year : 2012 | Volume
: 3
| Issue : 2 | Page : 124-132 |
|
|
Laser in dentistry: An innovative tool in modern dental practice
Sanjeev Kumar Verma, Sandhya Maheshwari, Raj Kumar Singh, Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari
Department of Orthodontics and Dental Anatomy, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Date of Web Publication | 4-May-2013 |
Correspondence Address: Sanjeev Kumar Verma Department of Orthodontics and Dental Anatomy, Dr. Z. A. Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 212 001 India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0975-5950.111342
Abstract | | |
The term LASER is an acronym for 'Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment. Keywords: Dental application, lasers, photostimulation
How to cite this article: Verma SK, Maheshwari S, Singh RK, Chaudhari PK. Laser in dentistry: An innovative tool in modern dental practice. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2012;3:124-32 |
How to cite this URL: Verma SK, Maheshwari S, Singh RK, Chaudhari PK. Laser in dentistry: An innovative tool in modern dental practice. Natl J Maxillofac Surg [serial online] 2012 [cited 2022 May 23];3:124-32. Available from: https://www.njms.in/text.asp?2012/3/2/124/111342 |
Introduction | |  |
Introduction of laser in dentistry, in the 1960s, by Miaman, [1] led to a continuous research in the various applications of lasers in dental practice. There are two scenarios, on the one hand there are hard lasers, such as, Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: YAG), and Er:YAG, which offer both hard tissue and soft tissue applications, but have limitations [2],[3] due to high costs and a potential for thermal injury to tooth pulp, whereas, on the other hand in cold or soft lasers, based on the semiconductor diode devices, which are compact, low-cost devices used predominantly for applications, are broadly termed as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or 'biostimulation'. [4] On account of the ease, efficiency, specificity, comfort, and cost over the conventional modalities, lasers are indicated for a wide variety [5],[6],[7],[8] of procedures in dental practice. The aim of this review is to focus on the hard as well as soft tissue applications, in dentistry.
History | |  |
In 1917, Albert Einstein [9] laid the foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, 'the Maser,' by theorizing that photoelectric amplification could emit a single frequency, or stimulated emission. The term LASER is an acronym for 'Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation' and was first introduced to the public in 1959, in an article by a Columbia University graduate student, Gordon Gould. [10] Theodore Maiman, at the Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, CA, built the first functioning laser, [1] by using a mixture of helium and neon. In 1961, a laser generated from crystals of yttrium-aluminum-garnet treated with 1-3% neodymium (Nd: YAG) was developed. [10] In 1962, the argon laser was developed, whereas, the ruby laser became the first medical laser to coagulate retinal lesions, when it was used in 1963. [10] In 1964, Patel at Bell Laboratories developed the CO 2 laser. [10] Nowadays diode lasers are being extensively used in the field of dentistry.
Types of Laser | |  |
Lasers used in dental practice can be classified by various methods: According to the lasing medium used, such as, gas laser and solid laser; according to tissue applicability, hard tissue and soft tissue lasers; according to the range of wavelength [Figure 1], and of course the risk associated with laser application.
Carbon dioxide Laser | |  |
The CO 2 laser wavelength has a very high affinity for water, resulting in rapid soft tissue removal and hemostasis with a very shallow depth of penetration. Although it possesses the highest [11] absorbance of any laser, disadvantages of the CO 2 laser are its relative large size and high cost and hard tissue destructive interactions.
Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser | |  |
The Nd: YAG wavelength is highly absorbed by the pigmented tissue, making it a very effective surgical laser for cutting and coagulating dental soft tissues, with good hemostasis. In addition to its surgical applications, [12] there has been research on using the Nd: YAG laser for nonsurgical sulcular debridement in periodontal disease control [13] and the Laser Assisted New Attachment Procedure (LANAP). [14]
Erbium Laser | |  |
The erbium 'family' of lasers has two distinct wavelengths, Er, Cr: YSGG (yttrium scandium gallium garnet) lasers and Er: YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers. The erbium wavelengths have a high affinity for hydroxyapatite and the highest absorption of water in any dental laser wavelengths. Consequently, it is the laser of choice for treatment of dental hard tissues. [15] In addition to hard tissue procedures, erbium lasers can also be used for soft tissue ablation, because the dental soft tissue also contains a high percentage of water. [16]
Diode Laser | |  |
The active medium of the diode laser is a solid state semiconductor made of aluminum, gallium, arsenide, and occasionally indium, which produces laser wavelengths, ranging from approximately 810 nm to 980 nm. All diode wavelengths are absorbed primarily by tissue pigment (melanin) and hemoglobin. Conversely, they are poorly absorbed by the hydroxyapatite and water present in the enamel. Specific procedures include aesthetic gingival re-contouring, soft tissue crown lengthening, exposure of soft tissue impacted teeth, removal of inflamed and hypertrophic tissue, frenectomies, and photostimulation of the apthous and herpetic lesions. [17]
Mechanism of Laser Action | |  |
Laser light is a monochromatic light and consists of a single wavelength of light. It consists of three principal parts: An energy source, an active lasing medium, and two or more mirrors that form an optical cavity or resonator. For amplification to occur, energy is supplied to the laser system by a pumping mechanism, such as, a flash-lamp strobe device, an electrical current, or an electrical coil. This energy is pumped into an active medium contained within an optical resonator, producing a spontaneous emission of photons. Subsequently, amplification by stimulated emission takes place as the photons are reflected back and forth through the medium by the highly reflective surfaces of the optical resonator, prior to their exit from the cavity via the output coupler [Figure 2]. In dental lasers, the laser light is delivered from the laser to the target tissue via a fiberoptic cable, hollow waveguide, or articulated arm [Table 1]. Focusing lenses, a cooling system, and other controls complete the system. The wavelength and other properties of the laser are determined primarily by the composition of an active medium, which can be a gas, a crystal, or a solid-state semiconductor.
The light energy produced by a laser can have four different interactions with a target tissue: [18],[19] Reflection, Transmission, Scattering, and Absorption [Figure 3]. When a laser is absorbed, it elevates the temperature and produces photochemical effects depending on the water content of the tissues. When a temperature of 100°C is reached, vaporization of the water within the tissue occurs, a process called ablation. At temperatures below 100°C, but above approximately 60°C, proteins begin to denature, without vaporization of the underlying tissue. Conversely, at temperatures above 200°C, the tissue is dehydrated and then burned, resulting in an undesirable effect called carbonization.
Absorption requires an absorber of light, termed chromophores, which have a certain affinity for specific wavelengths of light. The primary chromophores in the intraoral soft tissue are Melanin, Hemoglobin, and Water, and in dental hard tissues, Water and Hydroxyapatite. Different laser wavelengths have different absorption coefficients with respect to these primary tissue components, making the laser selection procedure-dependent. [20],[21],[22]
Depending on application on various tissues, use of laser application in dentistry can be categorized as follows: Soft tissue application and hard tissue application.
Soft Tissue Application | |  |
Wound healing
At low doses (e.g., 2 J/cm 2 ), laser application stimulates proliferation, while at high doses (e.g. 16 J/cm 2 ) it is suppressive. [23],[24] It affects fibroblast maturation and locomotion, [25] and this in turn may contribute to the higher tensile strengths reported for healed wounds. [26] Low-level laser treatment (LLLT) of gingival fibroblasts in the culture has been shown to induce transformation in myofibroblasts (useful in wound contraction) as early as 24 hours after laser treatment. [27] The positive effects of LLLT on the healing of lesions of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in humans have also been recorded. [28] There are some positive data, which indicate that LLLT promotes healing and dentinogenesis following pulpotomy, [29] as also the healing of mucositis and oropharyngeal ulcerations in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. [30]
Post herpetic neuralgia and apthous ulcer
It has been demonstrated that photostimulation of aphthous ulcers and recurrent herpetic lesions, [31] with low levels of laser energy (HeNe) can provide pain relief and accelerate healing. [32],[33],[34],[35] In the case of recurrent herpes simplex labialis lesions, photostimulation during the prodromal (tingling) stage seems to arrest the lesions before painful vesicles form, accelerate the overall healing time, and decrease the frequency of recurrence. [36]
Photoactivated dye disinfection using lasers
Low power laser energy is useful for photochemical activation of oxygen-releasing dyes, causing membrane and DNA damage to the microorganisms. The photoactivated dye (PAD) technique can be undertaken with a system using low power (100 milliwatts) visible red semiconductor diode lasers and tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) dye. The PAD technique has been shown to be effective in killing bacteria in complex biofilms, such as, subgingival plaque, which are typically resistant to the action of antimicrobial agents [37],[38],[39] and can be made species-specific by tagging the dye with monoclonal antibodies. [40] Photoactivated dye can be applied effectively for killing Gram-positive bacteria (including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. [41],[42] The major clinical applications of PAD include disinfection of root canals, periodontal pockets, deep carious lesions, and sites of peri-implantitis. [43],[44] Tolonium chloride is used in high concentrations for screening patients, for malignancies of the oral mucosa and oropharynx. [45],[46]
Photodynamic therapy for malignancies
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has been employed in the treatment of malignancies of the oral mucosa, particularly multi-focal squamous cell carcinoma, acts on the same principle of PAD, and generates reactive oxygen species, which in turn, directly damages the cells and the associated blood vascular network, triggering both necrosis and apoptosis; [47] this activates the host immune response, and promotes anti-tumor immunity through the activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes. [48] There is direct evidence of the photodynamic activation of production of the tumor necrosis factor, alpha, [49] a key cytokine in host anti-tumor immune responses. Clinical studies have reported positive results for the PDT treatment of carcinoma in-situ and squamous cell carcinoma, in the oral cavity, with response rates approximating 90%. [50],[51]
Aesthetic gingival re-contouring and crown lengthening
With the advent of the diode laser, many clinicians are choosing to include optimization of gingival aesthetics as part of the comprehensive orthodontic treatment, [52],[53] whereas, conventional gingivectomy [Figure 4] is associated with pain, discomfort, and bleeding. | Figure 4: Aesthetic gingival contouring; a-e, pretreatment condition; b-c-f, after laser procedure; d, post treatment
Click here to view |
Exposure of unerupted and partially erupted teeth
An impacted or partially erupted tooth can be exposed for bonding by conservative tissue removal, allowing for reasonable positioning of a bracket or button [Figure 5]. It has the advantage of no bleeding, and an attachment can be placed immediately, and moreover, it is not painful at all. | Figure 5: Crown exposure; a-c-e, before exposure; b-d-f, after laser exposure
Click here to view |
Removal of inflamed, hypertrophic tissue, and miscellaneous tissue removal
Isolated areas of transient tissue hypertrophy can easily be excised with the diode laser without specialist referral [Figure 6]. The diode laser is also very useful for a number of isolated applications, such as, removing tissue that has overgrown mini-screws, springs [Figure 7]a and b, and appliances, [33] as well as for replacing a tissue punch if needed [Figure 7]c, when placing mini-screws in the unattached gingiva. | Figure 6: Removal of hyperplastic tissue; a-d, pretreatment; b-e, after laser
Click here to view |
 | Figure 7: (a and b) Exposure of embedded coil spring used during retraction; (c) a punch hole created for implant placement
Click here to view |
Frenectomies
A high or prominent labial frenum [Figure 8]a and b, when indicated, laser assisted frenectomy is a simple procedure that is best performed after the diastema is closed as much as possible. [32] Ankylosglossia [Figure 8]c and d can lead to problems with deglutition, speech, malocclusion, and potential periodontal problems. Frenectomies performed with a laser permit excision of the frena painlessly, without bleeding, sutures, or surgical packing, and with no need for special postoperative care.
Hard Tissue Applications | |  |
Photochemical effects
The argon laser produces high intensity visible blue light (488 nm), which is able to initiate photopolymerization of light-cured dental restorative materials, which use camphoroquinone as the photoinitiator. [54] Argon laser radiation is also able to alter the surface chemistry of both enamel and root surface dentine, [55] which reduces the probability of recurrent caries. The bleaching effect relies on the specific absorption of a narrow spectral range of green light (510-540 nm) into the chelate compounds formed between the apatites, porphyrins, and tetracycline compounds. [56] Argon and Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTiOPO 4 , KTP) lasers can achieve a positive result in cases that are completely unresponsive to conventional photothermal 'power' bleaching.
Laser fluorescence
Enamel demineralization with white spot formation on the buccal surfaces of the teeth is a relatively common side effect from orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. [57],[58] There is evidence, however, which suggests that such small areas of superficial enamel demineralization may re-mineralize. [59]
Cavity preparation, caries, and restorative removal
Various studies depict the use of Er: YAG, since 1988, for removing caries in the enamel and dentine by ablation, without the detrimental effect of rise in temperature on the pulp, [60] even without water-cooling, [61] with low 'fluences' laser (LLLT), similar to air-rotor devices, except that the floor of the cavity is not as smooth. [62] The Er: YAG laser is capable of removing cement, composite resin, and glass ionomer. [63]
Etching
Laser etching has been evaluated as an alternative to acid etching of enamel and dentine. Enamel and dentine surfaces etched with (Er, Cr: YSGG) lasers show micro-irregularities and no smear layer. [64] Adhesion to dental hard tissues after Er: YAG laser etching is inferior to that obtained after conventional acid etching. [65],[66]
Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity
Dentinal hypersensitivity is one of the most common complaints in clinical dental practice. Comparison of the desensitizing effects of an Er: YAG laser with those of a conventional desensitizing system on cervically exposed hypersensitive dentine [67] showed that desensitizing of hypersensitive dentine with an Er: YAG laser is effective, and maintenance of a positive result is more prolonged than with other agents.
Diagnostic application
The laser is being used for diagnostic purposes [Table 2] in clinical dental practice as well as in research purposes [Table 3]. | Table 3: Diagnostic laser applications used as research tools in dentistry
Click here to view |
3-D Laser scanner for e-model preparation
Our understanding of the growth of craniofacial structures is improving with the development of accurate, low-cost, 3-dimensional (3D) imaging systems, which can be classified as destructive or non-destructive devices, [68] hard or soft tissue imaging devices, [69] and contact or non-contact devices. [70] The laser scanner can be used as a soft tissue scanner and is a valuable tool for its ease of application and creation of 3D images of oral dental structures. There is no need of cast preparation as e-models are prepared from scanned impressions. Images have been created to establish databases for normative populations [71] and cross-sectional growth changes, [72] and also to assess the clinical outcomes in surgical [73],[74],[75] and non-surgical treatments [76],[77] in the head and neck regions.
Miscellaneous Applications | |  |
Analgesic effect of the laser
In vivo studies of the analgesic effect of LLLT on nerves supplying the oral cavity have shown that LLLT decreases the firing frequency of the nociceptors, with a threshold effect seen in terms of the irradiance required to exert maximal suppression. [78] There have been claims that successful analgesia following oral surgery can be achieved with all major LLLT wavelengths from 632 nm to 904 nm. [79],[80] Local CO 2 laser irradiation will reduce the pain associated with orthodontic force application, without interfering with tooth movement. [81],[82]
Nerve repair and regeneration
Low level laser therapy has been seen to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators of the arachadonic acid family from injured nerves, and to promote neuronal maturation and regeneration following injury. [83],[84] The LLLT protocols used, typically involve daily irradiation for prolonged periods, for example, 10 days at 4.5 J per day. [83] The direct application of this technique to dentistry has yielded positive results in promoting the regeneration of inferior dental nerve (IDN) tissue, damaged during surgical procedures.
Post surgical pain
A single episode of LLLT (irradiance 0.9-2.7 J) is 100% effective for apical periodontitis following root canal treatment and post-extraction pain. [85] There are conflicting results with regard to pain reduction post extraction by LLLT verses placebo controls. [86],[87],[88]
Sinusitis
There are conflicting findings on the benefit for sinusitis by laser therapy. One study [89] denies any significant benefit, while others found that LLLT improved microcirculation, reduced edema, and reduced the frequency of relapses. [90]
Of late, the diode laser has also been tried in experimental animals for controlling the excessive growth of the mandibular condyle. It was found that the laser is effective in regulating facial growth and could be a substitute for the current conventional methods such as a chin-cup. [91] McDonald and Pitt Ford found that the human pulpal blood flow was decreased when continuous light tipping forces were applied to a maxillary canine. [92] Barwick and Ramsay evaluated the effect of a four-minute application of intrusive orthodontic force on human pulpal blood flow with laser-Doppler flowmetry and concluded that the pulpal blood flow was not altered during the application of a brief intrusive orthodontic force. [93]
Recent studies have demonstrated that low-energy laser irradiation stimulates bone formation in vitro and in vivo. The macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is essential and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis. Low-energy laser irradiation stimulates the velocity of tooth movement via the expressions of M-CSF. [94]
Laser safety
While most dental lasers are relatively simple to use, certain precautions should be taken to ensure their safe and effective operation. [95] First and foremost is protective eyewear [Figure 9] by anyone in the vicinity of the laser, while it is in use. This includes the doctor, chairside assistants, patient, and any observers such as family or friends. It is critical that all protective eyewear worn is wavelength-specific. Additionally, accidental exposure to the non-target tissue can be prevented through the use of warning signs posted outside the nominal hazard zone, limiting access to the surgical environment, minimizing the reflective surfaces, and ensuring that the laser is in good working order, with all manufacturer safeguards in place. With regard to prevention of possible exposure to infectious pathogens, high volume suction should be used to evacuate any vapor plume created during tissue ablation, and normal infection protocols should be followed. Each office should have a designated Laser Safety Officer to supervise the proper use of the laser, coordinate staff training, oversee the use of protective eyewear, and be familiar with the pertinent regulations.
Medicolegal considerations
Conservative soft tissue surgery with a dental laser is considered within the scope of accepted dental practice and typically considered a covered procedure under most professional liability insurance policies designed for dental specialists. Informed consent must be routine and is best handled as part of the general consent form that all patients read and sign prior to the initiation of dental treatment. It is highly recommended that each clinician take a course from a reputable provider.
Conclusion | |  |
Laser technology for hard tissue application and soft tissue surgery is at a high state of refinement, having had several decades of development, up to the present time, and further improvements can occur. The field of laser-based photochemical reactions holds great promise for additional applications, particularly for targeting specific cells, pathogens, or molecules. A further area of future growth is expected to be a combination of diagnostic and therapeutic laser techniques. Looking to the future, it is expected that specific laser technologies will become essential components of contemporary dental practice over the next decade.
References | |  |
1. | Maiman TH. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby lasers. Nature 1960;187:493.  |
2. | Walsh LJ. Dental lasers: Some basic principles. Postgrad Dent 1994;4:26-9.  |
3. | Pick RM, Miserendino LJ. Lasers in dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence; 1995. p. 17-25.  |
4. | Goldman L, Goldman B, Van-Lieu N. Current laser dentistry. Lasers Surg Med 1987;6:559-62.  |
5. | Frentzen M, Koort HJ. Lasers in dentistry: New possibilities with advancing laser technology. Int Dent J 1990;40:323-32.  |
6. | Aoki A, Ando Y, Watanabe H, Ishikawa I. In vitro studies on laser scaling of sub-gingival calculus with an erbium: YAG laser. J Periodontal 1994;65:1097-106.  |
7. | Pelagalli J, Gimbel CB, Hansen RT, Swett A, Winn II DW. Investigational study of the use of Er: YAG Laser versus dental drill for caries removal and cavity preparation - Phase I. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1997;15:109-15.  |
8. | Walsh LJ. The current status of laser applications in dentistry. Aust Dent J 2003;48:146-55.  |
9. | Einstein A. Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. Physiol Z 1917;18:121-8.  |
10. | Gross AJ, Hermann TR. History of lasers. World J Urol 2007;25:217-20.  |
11. | Fujiyama K, Deguchi T, Murakami T, Fujii A, Kushima K, Takano-Yamamoto T. Clinical effect of CO 2 laser in reducing pain in orthodontics. Angle Orthod 2008;78:299-303.  |
12. | Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Bertrand MF, Merigo E, Nammour S, Vescovi P. Nd: YAG and diode lasers in the surgical management of soft tissues related to orthodontic treatment. Photomed Laser Surg 2007;25:381-92.  |
13. | Aoki A, Mizutani K, Takasaki AA, Sasaki KM, Nagai S, Schwarz F, et al. Current status of clinical laser applications in periodontal therapy. Gen Dent 2008;56:674-87.  |
14. | Slot DE, Kranendonk AA, Paraskevas S, Van der Weijden F. The effect of a pulsed Nd: YAG laser in non-surgical perdiodontal therapy. J Periodont 2009;80:1041-56.  |
15. | Harashima T, Kinoshita J, Kimura Y, Brugnera A, Zanin F, Pecora JD, et al. Morphological comparative study on ablation of dental hard tissue at cavity preparation by Er: YAG and Er, CR: YSGG lasers. Photomed Laser Surg 2005;23:52-5.  |
16. | Ishikawa I, Aoki A, Takasaki AA. Clinical application of erbium: YAG Laser in periodontology. J Int Acad Periodontol 2008;10:22-30.  |
17. | Hilgers JJ, Tracey SG. Clinical uses of diode lasers in orthodontics. J Clin Orthod 2004;38:266-73.  |
18. | Carroll L, Humphreys TR. Laser-tissue interactions. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:2-7.  |
19. | Sulieman M. An overview of the use of lasers in general dentist practice: Laser physics and tissue interactions. Dent Update 2005;32:228-30, 233-4, 236.  |
20. | Sulieman M. An overview of the use of lasers in general dentist practice, laser wavelengths, soft and hard tissue clinical applications. Dent Update 2005;32:286-8, 291-4, 296.  |
21. | Tracey SG. Light work. Orthod Products 2005:88-93.  |
22. | Weiner GP. Laser dentistry practice management. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:1105-26.  |
23. | Tominaga R. Effects of He-Ne laser irradiation on fibroblasts derived from scar tissue of rat palatal mucosa. Kokubyo Gakka Zasshi 1990;57:580-94.  |
24. | Loevschall H, Arenholtd-Bindslev D. Effect of low level diode laser irradiation of human oral mucosa fibroblasts in vitro. Lasers Surg Med 1994;14:347-54.  |
25. | Noble PB, Shields ED, Blecher PD, Bentley KC. Locomotory characteristics of fibroblasts within a three-dimensional collagenlattice: Modulation by a helium/neon soft laser. Lasers Surg Med 1992;12:669-74.  |
26. | Asencio Arana F, Garcia FV, Molina Andreu E, Vidal MJ, Martinez SF. Endoscopic enhancement of the healing of high risk colon anastomoses by low-power helium-neon laser. An experimental study. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:568-73.  |
27. | Pourreau-Schneider N, Ahmed A, Soudry M, Jacquemier J, Kopp F, Franquin JC, et al. Helium-neon laser treatment transforms fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Am J Pathol 1990;137:171-8.  |
28. | Neiburger EJ. The effect of low-power lasers on intraoral wound healing. NY State Dent J 1995;61:40-3.  |
29. | Kurumada F. A study on the application of Ga-As semiconductor laser to endodontics. The effects of laser irradiation on the activation of inflammatory cells and the vital pulpotomy. Ohu Daigaku Shigakushi 1990;17:233-44.  |
30. | Kitsmaniuk ZD, Demochko VB, Popovich VI. The use of low energy lasers for preventing and treating postoperative and radiation-induced complications in patients with head and neck tumors. Vopr Onkol 1992;38:980-6.  |
31. | Iijima K, Shimoyama N, Shimoyama M, Yamamoto T, Shimizu T, Mizuguchi T. Effect of repeated irradiation of low-power He- Ne laser in pain relief from postherpetic neuralgia. Clin J Pain 1989;5:271-4.  |
32. | Olivi G, Genovese MD, Caprioglio C. Evidence-based dentistry on laser paediatric dentistry. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2009;10:29-40  |
33. | Yeh S, Jain K, Andreana S. Using a diode laser to uncover dental implants in second-stage surgery. Gen Dent 2005;53:414-7.  |
34. | Posten W, Wrone DA, Dover JS, Arndt KA, Silapunt S, Alam M. Low-level laser therapy for wound healing: Mechanism and efficacy. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:334-40.  |
35. | Ross G, Ross A. Low level lasers in dentistry. Gen Dent 2008;56:629-34.  |
36. | Hargate G. A randomized double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:638-41.  |
37. | Dobson J, Wilson M. Sensitization of oral bacteria in biofilms to killing by light from a low-power laser. Arch Oral Biol 1992;37:883-7.  |
38. | Sarker S, Wilson M. Lethal photosensitization of bacteria in subgingival plaque from patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 1993;28:204-10.  |
39. | Wilson M. Bacterial effect of laser light and its potential use in the treatment of plaque-related diseases. Int Dent J 1994;44:181-9.  |
40. | Bhatti M, MacRobert A, Henderson B, Shepherd P, Cridland J, Wilson M. Antibody-targeted lethal photosensitization of Porphyromonasgingivalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2615-8.  |
41. | O'Neill JF, Hope CK, Wilson M. Oral bacteria in multi-species biofilms can be killed by red light in the presence of toluidine blue. Lasers Surg Med 2002;31:86-90.  |
42. | Seal GJ, Ng YL, Spratt D, Bhatti M, Gulabivala K. An in vitro comparison of the bactericidal efficacy of lethal photosensitization or sodium hyphochlorite irrigation on Streptococcus intermedius biofilm in root canals. Int Endodont J 2002;35:268-74.  |
43. | Walsh LJ. The current status of low level laser therapy in dentistry. Part 2. Hard tissue applications. Aust Dent J 1997;42:302-6.  |
44. | Dortbudak O, Haas R, Bernhart T, Mailath-Pokorny G. Lethal photosensitization for decontamination of implant surfaces in the treatment of peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:104-8.  |
45. | Epstein JB, Oakley C, Millner A, Emerton S, van der Meij E, Le N. The utility of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic aid in patients previously treated for upper oropharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:537-47.  |
46. | Feaver GP, Morrison T, Humphris G. A study to determine the acceptability in patients and dentists of toluidine blue in screening for oral cancer. Prim Dent Care 1999;6:45-50.  |
47. | Dougherty TJ. An update on photodynamic therapy applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002;20:3-7.  |
48. | Walsh LJ. Safety issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry. Aust Dent J 2000;45:257-69.  |
49. | Vowels BR, Cassin M, Boufal MH, Walsh LJ, Rook AH. Extracorporeal photophoresis induces the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by monocytes: Implications for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and systemic sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98:686-92.  |
50. | Fan KF, Hopper C, Speight PM, Buonaccorsi GA, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy using mTHPC for malignant disease in the oral cavity. Int J Cancer 1997;73:25-32.  |
51. | Biel MA. Photodynamic therapy and the treatment of head and neck neoplasia. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1259-68.  |
52. | Sarver DM, Yanosky M. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: Part 2. Soft tissue laser technology and cosmetic gingival contouring. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2005;127:85-90.  |
53. | Sarver DM, Yanosky M. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: Part 3. Laser treatments for tooth eruption and soft tissue problems. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2005;127:262-4.  |
54. | Fleming MG, Maillet WA. Photopolymerization of composite resin using the argon laser. J Can Dent Assoc 1999;65:447-50.  |
55. | Westerman G, Hicks J, Flaitz C. Argon laser curing of fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealant: In vitro caries development. ASDC J Dent Child 2000;67:385-90.  |
56. | Lin LC, Pitts DL, Burgess LW. An investigation into the feasibility of photobleaching tetracycline-stained teeth. J Endod 1988;14:293-9.  |
57. | Wisth PJ, Nord A. Caries experience in orthodontically treated individuals. Angle Orthod 1977;47:59-64.  |
58. | Gorelick L, Geiger A, Gwinnett AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod 1982;81:93-8.  |
59. | Marcusson A, Norevall L-I, Persson M. White spot reduction when using glass ionomer cement for bonding in orthodontics: A longitudinal and comparative study. Eur J Orthod 1997;19:233-42.  |
60. | Armengol V, Jean A, Marion D. Temperature rise during Er: YAG and Nd: YAP laser ablation of dentine. J Endod 2000;26:138-41.  |
61. | Burkes EJ, Hoke J, Gomes E, Wolbarsht M. Wet versus dry enamel ablation by Er: YAG laser. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67:847-51.  |
62. | Cozean C, Arcoria CJ, Pelagalli J, Powell GL. Dentistry for the 21 st century? Erbium: YAG laser for teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128:1080-7.  |
63. | Dostalova T, Jelinkova H, Kucerova H, Krejsa O, Hamal K, Kubelka J, et al. Noncontact Er: YAG laser ablation: Clinical evaluation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1998;16:273-82.  |
64. | Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yamada Y, Kimura Y, Matsumoto N, Matsumoto K. Effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation in human enamel and dentin: ablation and morphological studies. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999;17:155-9.  |
65. | Martinez-Insua A, Dominguez LS, Rivera FG, Santana-Penin UA. Differences in bonding to acid-etched or Er: YAG-laser-treated enamel and dentine surfaces. J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:280-8.  |
66. | Ceballos L, Osorio R, Toledano M, Marshall GW. Microleakage of composite restorations after acid or Er: YAG laser cavity treatment. Dent Mater 2001;17:340-6.  |
67. | Schwarz F, Arweiler N, Georg T, Reich E. Desensitising effects of an Er: YAG laser on hypersensitive dentine, a controlled, prospective clinical study. J Clin Periodont 2002;29:211-5.  |
68. | Mah J, Hatcher D. Current status and future needs in craniofacial imaging. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003;6 Suppl 1:10-6;179-82.  |
69. | Quintero JC, Trosien A, Hatcher D, Kapila S. Craniofacial imaging in orthodontics: Historical perspective, current status, and future developments. Angle Orthod 1999;69:491-506.  |
70. | Kau CH, Zhurov AI, Bibb R, Hunter L, Richmond S. The investigation of the changing facial appearance of identical twins employing a three-dimensional imaging system. Orthod Craniofac Res 2005;8:85-90.  |
71. | Yamada T, Mori Y, Katsuhiro M, Katsuaki M, Tsukamoto Y. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology in normal Japanese children as control data for cleft surgery. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002;39:517-26.  |
72. | Nute SJ, Moss JP. Three-dimensional facial growth studied by optical surface scanning. J Orthod 2000;27:31-8.  |
73. | Ayoub AF, Siebert P, Moos KF, Wray D, Urquhart C, Niblett TB. A vision-based three-dimensional capture system for maxillofacial assessment and surgical planning. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;36:353-7.  |
74. | Khambay B, Nebel JC, Bowman J, Walker F, Hadley DM, Ayoub A. 3D stereophotogrammetric image superimposition onto 3D CT scan images: The future of orthognathic surgery. A pilot study. Int J Adult Orthod Orthog Surg 2002;17:331-41.  |
75. | Marmulla R, Hassfeld S, Luth T, Muhling J. Laser-scan-based navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2003;31:267-77.  |
76. | Moss JP, Ismail SF, Hennessy RJ. Three-dimensional assessment of treatment outcomes on the face. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003;6 Suppl 1:126-31; 179-82.  |
77. | McDonagh S, Moss JP, Goodwin P, Lee RT. A prospective optical surface scanning and cephalometric assessment of the effect of functional appliances on the soft tissues. Eur J Orthod 2001;23:115-26.  |
78. | Mezawa S, Iwata K, Naito K, Kamogawa H. The possible analgesic effect of soft-laser irradiation on heat nociceptors in the cat tongue. Arch Oral Biol 1988;33:693-4.  |
79. | Armida MM. Laser therapy and its applications in dentistry. Pract Odontol 1989;10:9-16.  |
80. | Peres F, Felino A, Carvalho JF. Analgesic effect of 904-nm laser radiation (IR) in oral surgery. Rev Port Estomatol Cir Maxilofac 1985;26:205-17.  |
81. | Harazaki M, Isshiki Y. Soft laser irradiation effects on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1997;38:291-5.  |
82. | Turhani D, Scheriau M, Kapral D, Benesch T, Jonke E, Bantleon HP. Pain relief by single low-level laser irradiation in orthodontic patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:371-7.  |
83. | Mester AF, Snow JB, Shaman P. Photochemical effects of laser irradiation on neuritic outgrowth of olfactory neuroepithelial explants. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;105:449-56.  |
84. | Solomon A, Lavie V, Ben-Bassat S, Belkin M, Schwartz M. New surgical approach to overcome the inability of injured mammalian axons to grow within their environment. J Neural Transplant Plast 1991;2:243-8.  |
85. | Kawakami T, Ibaraki Y, Haraguchi K, Odachi H, Kawamura H, Kubota M, et al. The effectiveness of GaAlAs semiconductor laser treatment to decrease pain after irradiation. Higashi Nippon Shigaku Zasshi 1989;8:57-62.  |
86. | Clokie C, Bentley KC, Head TW. The effects of the helium neon laser on postsurgical discomfort: A pilot study. J Can Dent Assoc 1991;57:584-6.  |
87. | Fernando S, Hill CM, Walker R. A randomised double blind comparative study of low level laser therapy following surgical extraction of lower third molar teeth. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;31:170-2.  |
88. | Roynesdal AK, Bjornland T, Barkvoll P, Haanaes HR. The effect of soft-laser application on postoperative pain and swelling. A double-blind, crossover study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;22:242-5.  |
89. | Moustsen PA, Vinter N, Aas Andersen L, Kragstrup J. Laser treatment of sinusitis in general practice assessed by a doubleblind controlled study. Ugeskr Laeger 1991;153:2232-4.  |
90. | Kruchinina I, Feniksova LV, Rybalkin SV, Pekli FF. Therapeutic effect of helium-neon laser on microcirculation of nasal mucosa in children with acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis as measured by conjunctival biomicroscopy. Vestn Otorinolaringol 1991;3:26-30.  |
91. | Kharsa MA, Kharsa A. Use of laser in controlling the growth of facial structures, -Laser-Orthopedics. Orthod Cyberjournal : http://orthocj.com/2005/08/laser-controlling-growth-of-facial-structures-laser-orthopedics/ [Last accessed on 5 th April 2012].  |
92. | McDonald F, Pitt Ford TR. Blood flow changes in permanent maxillary canines during retraction. Eur J Orthod 1994;16:1-9.  |
93. | Barwick PJ, Ramsay DS. Effect of brief intrusive force blood flow on human pulpal blood flow. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:273-9.  |
94. | Yamaguchi M, Fujita S, Yoshida T, Oikawa K, Utsunomiya T, Yamamoto H, et al. Low-energy laser irradiation stimulates the tooth movement velocity via expression of M-CSF and c-fms. Orthod Waves 2007;66:139-48.  |
95. | Parker S. Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice. Br Dent J 2007;202:523-32.  |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
This article has been cited by | 1 |
Interlayer Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Semiconductors for 2D Optoelectronics |
|
| Yuanda Liu, Ahmed Elbanna, Weibo Gao, Jisheng Pan, Zexiang Shen, Jinghua Teng | | Advanced Materials. 2022; : 2107138 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 2 |
Influence of Er:YAG laser irradiation settings on dentin-adhesive interfacial ultramorphology and dentin bond strength |
|
| Paulo Moreira Vermelho, Patricia Moreira Freitas, André Figueiredo Reis, Marcelo Giannini | | Microscopy Research and Technique. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 3 |
Reactive species created in the collapse of laser-induced cavitation bubbles: Generation mechanism and sensitivity analysis |
|
| Kewen Peng (???), Frank G. F. Qin (???), Runhua Jiang (???), Wanjun Qu (???), Qianxi Wang (???) | | Journal of Applied Physics. 2022; 131(4): 043101 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 4 |
Phototherapy Using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser as a Definitive Treatment for Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review |
|
| AlHanouf AlHabdan, Fatemah AlAhmari | | International Journal of General Medicine. 2022; Volume 15: 4871 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 5 |
The Use of Modern Technologies by Dentists in Poland: Questionnaire among Polish Dentists |
|
| Mateusz Switala, Wojciech Zakrzewski, Zbigniew Rybak, Maria Szymonowicz, Maciej Dobrzynski | | Healthcare. 2022; 10(2): 225 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 6 |
The Use of Laser Energy for Etching Enamel Surfaces in Dentistry—A Scoping Review |
|
| Anca Labunet, Andrada Tonea, Andreea Kui, Sorina Sava | | Materials. 2022; 15(6): 1988 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 7 |
The Effectiveness of Lasers in Treatment of Oral Mucocele in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review |
|
| Muhammad Shahrukh Khan Sadiq, Afsheen Maqsood, Fatema Akhter, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Maria Shakoor Abbasi, Sheheryar Minallah, Fahim Vohra, Haytham Jamil Alswairki, Huda Abutayyem, Samir Mussallam, Naseer Ahmed | | Materials. 2022; 15(7): 2452 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 8 |
Power Output of Two Semiconductor Lasers: An Observational Study |
|
| Vicky Wenqing Xue, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, John Yun Niu, Kenneth Luk, Edward Chin Man Lo, Chun Hung Chu | | Photonics. 2022; 9(4): 219 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 9 |
The histological observation of laser biopsy versus scalpel biopsy on plasma cell gingivitis |
|
| Lakshmiganthan Mahalingam | | Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2022; 26(3): 299 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 10 |
Knowledge and Practices of Dental Professionals Towards Lasers in Riyadh City: A Survey-Based Study |
|
| Talal Ali AlZahrani, Saad Bander AlTulihe, Khalid Saleh Alabdullateef, Omar Salamah Alanazi, Naif Musaad Almutairi, Hazza'a Shaher Alshamrani, Shahzeb Hasan Ansari | | Pharmacophore. 2021; 12(3): 77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 11 |
Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Metformin on Diabetic Cell Line of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells through Keap1/Nrf2/Ho-1 Pathway |
|
| Latifa Mohamed Abdelgawad,Manar Mohy Abd El-hamed,Dina Sabry,Marwa Abdelgwad | | Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2021; 10(1): 30 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 12 |
Combined Treatment of Photobiomodulation and Arginine on Chronic Wound Healing in an Animal Model |
|
| Atarodsadat Mostafavinia,Abdollah Amini,Houssein Ahmadi,Fatemehalsadat Rezaei,Seyed Kamran Ghoreishi,Sufan Chien,Mohammad Bayat | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2021; 12(1): e40 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 13 |
Use of dental lasers among teaching faculty of private dental colleges in Chennai – A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study |
|
| S Vaishnavi, VIndra Priyadarshni, Soundarya Prabhakar, BKumara Raja | | International Journal of Community Dentistry. 2021; 9(2): 156 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 14 |
Evolution and advancement of lasers in dentistry - A literature review |
|
| JulieSusan Rajan,UmbreenNoor Muhammad | | International Journal of Oral Health Sciences. 2021; 11(1): 6 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 15 |
Effectiveness of Pre-cooling the Injection Site, Laser Biostimulation, and Topical Local Anesthetic Gel in Reduction of Local Anesthesia Injection Pain in Children |
|
| Rayala Chandrasekhar,C Vinay,KS Uloopi,Kakarla Sri RojaRamya,Ippili AmruthaVarshini,Chaitanya Penmatsa | | International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 14(1): 81 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 16 |
Effects of 9,300 nm Carbon Dioxide Laser on Dental Hard Tissue: A Concise Review |
|
| Vicky Wenqing Xue,Irene Shuping Zhao,Iris Xiaoxue Yin,John Yun Niu,Edward Chin Man Lo,Chun Hung Chu | | Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2021; Volume 13: 155 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 17 |
Photobiomodulation of inflamed dental pulp stem cells under different nutritional conditions |
|
| Seyedeh Sareh Hendi, Leila Gholami, Massoud Saidijam, Roghayeh Mahmoudi, Ali Asghar Arkian, Hengameh Bakhtiyar, Nasrin Haji Hasani, Saeid Afshar | | Regenerative Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 18 |
Laser Use in Creating Orthodontic Adhesion to Ceramic Surfaces |
|
| Anca Labunet,Andreea Kui,Sorina Sava | | Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(6): 2512 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 19 |
Disinclusion of Palatally Impacted Canines with Surgical and Photobiomodulating Action of a Diode Laser: Case Series |
|
| Alessandra Impellizzeri,Martina Horodynski,Adriana De Stefano,Elisabetta Guercio-Monaco,Gaspare Palaia,Emanuela Serritella,Antonella Polimeni,Gabriella Galluccio | | Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11): 4869 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 20 |
Uncovering and Autonomous Eruption of Palatally Impacted Canines—A Case Report |
|
| Alessandra Impellizzeri,Martina Horodynski,Emanuela Serritella,Gaspare Palaia,Adriana De Stefano,Antonella Polimeni,Gabriella Galluccio | | Dentistry Journal. 2021; 9(6): 66 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 21 |
Diode Laser Surgery as a Conservative Management of Hairy Tongue Lesion Resistance to Treatment |
|
| Nazanin Samiei, Hadi Kaseb Ghane, Reza Fekrazad, Gianluigi Caccianiga | | Case Reports in Dentistry. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 22 |
Histological Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Suitability of a 976?nm Diode Laser in Oral Soft Tissue Biopsies |
|
| Gaspare Palaia,Federico Renzi,Daniele Pergolini,Alessandro Del Vecchio,Paolo Visca,Gianluca Tenore,Umberto Romeo,Roberta Gasparro | | International Journal of Dentistry. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 23 |
Application of the diode laser for soft-tissue surgery in orthodontics: Case series |
|
| John Hyunbaek Ahn,Susan Power,Eleanor Thickett | | Journal of Orthodontics. 2021; 48(1): 82 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 24 |
Lasers in Diagnosis, Interception and Management of White Spot Lesions and Dental Caries - A Review |
|
| Payal Sandeep Chaudhari,Manoj Ghanshyam Chandak,Kajol Naresh Relan,Pooja Ghanshyam Chandak,Chanchal Harikishor Rathi,Madhulika Shyamsundar Chandak,Abhilasha Dass | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2021; 10(9): 624 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 25 |
Emergence of A-Site Cation Order in the Small Rare-Earth Melilites SrREGa3O7 (RE = Dy–Lu, Y) |
|
| Cécile Genevois,Haytem Bazzaoui,Marina Boyer,Sandra Ory,Yannick Ledemi,Younès Messaddeq,Michael J. Pitcher,Mathieu Allix | | Inorganic Chemistry. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 26 |
A Biosynthesized Near-Infrared-Responsive Nanocomposite Biomaterial for Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Treatment |
|
| Guiyuan Chen,Yihan Wu,Kai Jin,Hongfei Lu,Mingyue Tao,Tiantian Wang,Jing Zhang,Xiaohui Zhu,Jinliang Liu,Yong Zhang | | ACS Applied Bio Materials. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 27 |
Lasers: Dentistryæs superpower? |
|
| Asha Pandya-Sharpe | | BDJ Student. 2021; 28(2): 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 28 |
The Effect of Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser in Debonding of Orthodontic Brackets: A Systematic Review of the Literature |
|
| Nancy Ajwa,Hiba Alfayez,Hesah Al-Oqab,Raghad Melibary,Yazeed Alzamil | | Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 29 |
Diode Laser Light Scattering and Temperature Changes Due to Anesthesia Injection in Bovine Tongue Mucosa |
|
| Georgios E. Romanos,Rocco W. Tedesco,Upasna Malhotra,Houlin Hong,Wei Hou,Rafael Delgado-Ruiz | | Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2021; 39(9): 587 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 30 |
A call for more utilization of laser dentistry at the time of coronavirus pandemic |
|
| Mohammad Zakaria Nassani,Enass Shamsy,Bassel Tarakji | | Oral Diseases. 2021; 27(S3): 783 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 31 |
Blue photobiomodulation
LED
therapy impacts
SARS-CoV
-2 by limiting its replication in Vero cells |
|
| Luisa Zupin,Rossella Gratton,Francesco Fontana,Libera Clemente,Lorella Pascolo,Maurizio Ruscio,Sergio Crovella | | Journal of Biophotonics. 2021; 14(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 32 |
Biopsy of oral soft tissue lesions by 808 nm and 980 nm diode laser: a morphological and histochemical evaluation |
|
| Kaajal Gill,Simarpreet Virk Sandhu,Neerja Sethi,Rajat Bhandari | | Lasers in Dental Science. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 33 |
Laser therapy for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an overview |
|
| Juliana Amorim dos Santos,Ana Gabriela Costa Normando,Isabela Porto de Toledo,Gilberto Melo,Graziela De Luca Canto,Alan Roger Santos-Silva,Eliete Neves Silva Guerra | | Clinical Oral Investigations. 2020; 24(1): 37 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 34 |
Improvement in viability and mineralization of osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell through combined application of photobiomodulation therapy and oxytocin |
|
| Somaye Fallahnezhad,Vahid Jajarmi,Sarira Shahnavaz,Abdullah Amini,Seyed Kamran Ghoreishi,Mahsa Kazemi,Sufan Chien,Mohammad Bayat | | Lasers in Medical Science. 2020; 35(3): 557 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 35 |
Effect of the usage of Er,Cr:YSGG laser with and without different remineralization agents on the enamel erosion of primary teeth |
|
| Nagehan Yilmaz,Ezgi Baltaci,Ozgul Baygin,Tamer Tüzüner,Serdar Ozkaya,Aykut Canakci | | Lasers in Medical Science. 2020; 35(7): 1607 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 36 |
A Randomized Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate the Longevity of Esthetic Results of Gingival Melanin Depigmentation Treatment Using Different Laser Wavelengths (Diode, CO2, and Er:YAG) |
|
| Samir Nammour,Marwan El Mobadder,Mélanie Namour,Amaury Namour,Eric Rompen,Elie Maalouf,Aldo Brugnera Junior,Ana Paula Brugnera,Paolo Vescovi,Toni Zeinoun | | Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2020; 38(3): 167 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 37 |
Photobiomodulation and Stem Cell Therapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disc Disorders |
|
| Vesna Karic,Rahul Chandran,Heidi Abrahamse | | Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2020; 38(7): 398 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 38 |
Effective Wavelength Range in Photobiomodulation for Tooth Movement Acceleration in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review |
|
| Angela Domínguez Camacho,Diana Montoya Guzmán,Sergio Andrés Velásquez Cujar | | Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2020; 38(10): 581 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 39 |
Laser as a promising non-invasive technique to treat oral submucous fibrosis: A systematic review of the literature |
|
| Sonia Gupta,Manveen Kaur Jawanda | | The Saudi Dental Journal. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 40 |
Mathematical Study for laser and its Clinical Applications in dentistry: Review and Outlook |
|
| Ilham M. Yacoob,Sarah G. Mahmood,Muna Y. Slewa,Najeeb M. Nooh | | Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020; 1660: 012101 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 41 |
Comparison of CBCT with different voxel sizes and intraoral scanner for detection of periodontal defects: an in vitro study |
|
| Murat Icen,Kaan Orhan,Çigdem Seker,Gediz Geduk,Fethiye Cakmak Özlü,Murat Inanç Cengiz | | Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2020; 49(5): 20190197 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 42 |
The Viewpoints of Last-Year Dentistry Students of Shahid Beheshti University on the Application of Lasers as an Independent Credit in the Education of General Dentistry |
|
| Masoumeh Mehdipour,Hamed Mortazavi,Ayla Bahramian,Niloofar Haghighi Enayat,Saranaz AzariMarhabi | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2020; 11(2): 193 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 43 |
Lingual Lymphangioma Ablation With High Power Diode Laser: A Case Report |
|
| Amanda Vieira Aires,Camila de Nazaré Alves de Oliveira Kato,Leni Verônica de Oliveira Silva,Rodrigo Soares de Andrade,Hercílio Martelli Júnior,Marcus Vinicius Lucas Ferreira,Ricardo Alves Mesquita | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2020; 11(2): 234 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 44 |
Excision of Different Oral Benign Exophytic Lesions With a Diode Laser: A Clinical Case Series |
|
| Narges Gholizadeh,Jamileh Beygom Taheri,Zahra Namazi,Fatemeh Mashhadiabbas,Seddigheh Bakhtiari,Arezoo Rahimzamani,Mohammad Asnaashari | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2020; 11(4): 502 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 45 |
Removal of Composite Restoration from the Root Surface in the Cervical Region Using Er: YAG Laser and Drill—In Vitro Study |
|
| Wojciech Zakrzewski,Maciej Dobrzynski,Piotr Kuropka,Jacek Matys,Malgorzata Malecka,Jan Kiryk,Zbigniew Rybak,Marzena Dominiak,Kinga Grzech-Lesniak,Katarzyna Wiglusz,Rafal J. Wiglusz | | Materials. 2020; 13(13): 3027 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 46 |
Applications of lasers in refractory periodontitis: A narrative review |
|
| SudhirRama Varma,Maher AlShayeb,Jayaraj Narayanan,Eyas Abuhijleh,Abdul Hadi,Mohammad Jaber,Salim Abu Fanas | | Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2020; 10(4): 384 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 47 |
Microshear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer to Primary Dentin following Surface Treatment by Bur and Er,Cr:YSGG Laser |
|
| Yasaman Rezvani,Majid Bargrizan,Mohammad Asnaashari,Marzieh Gholami,Amir Ghasemi,Leila Eftekhar | | Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN. 2020; 32(1): 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 48 |
An In Vitro Study of Bactericidal Effect of Gallium Aluminium Arsenide Laser on Anaerobic Photosensitized Periodontopathics |
|
| Neha Khare,Supriya Mishra,Kiran Dodani,Chandrahas Bathini,Mohammed NK Inamdar,Amit Nasha | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2019; 20(3): 385 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 49 |
BIOHEAT EQUATION WITH FOURIER AND NON-FOURIER HEAT TRANSPORT LAWS: APPLICABILITY TO HEAT TRANSFER IN HUMAN TISSUES |
|
| Natalya Kizilova | | Journal of Thermal Engineering. 2019; : 149 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 50 |
Comparative In Vitro Study: Examining 635?nm Laser and 265?nm Ultraviolet Interaction with Blood |
|
| Mohamed A. Elblbesy | | Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 51 |
Lasers: A Review With Their Applications in Oral Medicine |
|
| Alexander Maninagat Luke,Simy Mathew,Maram Majed Altawash,Bayan Mohammed Madan | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2019; 10(4): 324 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 52 |
The Impact of Proteomic Investigations on the Development and Improvement of Skin Laser Therapy: A Review Article |
|
| Shabnam Shahrokh,Zahra Razzaghi,Vahid Mansouri,Nayebali Ahmadi | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2019; 10(5): S90 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 53 |
Design and Implementation of a Checklist for Prediction of Anesthesia-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Candidate Patients for Mastectomy |
|
| Mehdi Khanbabayi Gol, Maryam Dadashzadeh, Hassan Mohammadipour Anvari | | International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences. 2019; 8(1): 90 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 54 |
Therapeutic effect of laser on pediatric oral soft tissue problems: a systematic literature review |
|
| Farshad Khosraviani,Sara Ehsani,Mona Fathi,Amir Saberi-Demneh | | Lasers in Medical Science. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 55 |
Use of carbon dioxide lasers in dentistry |
|
| Kenneth Luk,Irene Shuping Zhao,Norbert Gutknecht,Chun Hung Chu | | Lasers in Dental Science. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 56 |
Comparison of different laser-based photochemical systems for periodontal treatment |
|
| Sarah Böcher,Johannes-Simon Wenzler,Wolfgang Falk,Andreas Braun | | Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 57 |
Comparison of laser- and bur-prepared class I cavities restored with two different low-shrinkage composite resins: a randomized, controlled 60-month clinical trial |
|
| OZ Fatma Dilsad,Esra Ergin,Nuray Attar,Sevil Gurgan | | Clinical Oral Investigations. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 58 |
Near infrared low-level laser therapy and cell proliferation: The emerging role of redox sensitive signal transduction pathways |
|
| Mario Migliario,Maurizio Sabbatini,Carmen Mortellaro,Filippo Renò | | Journal of Biophotonics. 2018; : e201800025 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 59 |
Role of laser or photodynamic therapy in treatment of denture stomatitis: A systematic review |
|
| Amin Davoudi,Behnaz Ebadian,Saeid Nosouhian | | The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 60 |
Comparison of gingival depigmentation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser and surgical stripping, a 12-month follow-up |
|
| Leila Gholami,Somayeh Ansari Moghaddam,Mohammad Ayoub Rigi Ladiz,Zohreh Molai Manesh,Hadi Hashemzehi,Alireza Fallah,Norbert Gutknecht | | Lasers in Medical Science. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 61 |
Effect of Initiators on Thermal Changes in Soft Tissues Using a Diode Laser |
|
| Georgios E. Romanos,Danielle Sacks,Nicholas Montanaro,Rafael Delgado-Ruiz,Jose Luis Calvo-Guirado,Fawad Javed | | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 62 |
Lasers in dentistry: an unceasing evolution |
|
| Mithra N Hegde | | Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research. 2018; 10(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 63 |
Awareness of Laser Dentistry Among Dentists in Tanjore- A survey |
|
| Harini K,Radhika Arjunkumar | | Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2018; 11(3): 1623 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 64 |
The Effect of Fluence Variations of Nd:YAG Laser Ablation and Sample Condition on Human Tooth |
|
| Fatanah Mohamad Suhaimi,Nur Zarifha Zainol Alam,Suriani Mat Ariffin,Nurul Atiqah Abd. Razak,Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab | | Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal. 2018; 3(5): 398 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 65 |
Applications of Laser Welding in Dentistry: A State-of-the-Art Review |
|
| Asma Perveen,Carlo Molardi,Carlo Fornaini | | Micromachines. 2018; 9(5): 209 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 66 |
Republication: Conservative Management of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion with Gummy Smile, Deep Bite, and a Palatally Impacted Maxillary Canine |
|
| Ariel Wong,Chris Chang,W. Eugene Roberts | | APOS Trends in Orthodontics. 2018; 8: 146 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 67 |
Comparison of marginal microleakage of flowable composite restorations in primary canine teeth prepared with high-speed diamond bur, Er:YAG laser and Er,Cr:YSGG laser |
|
| Beheshteh Malekafzali,Mohammad Asnaashari,Fateme Javadi | | LASER THERAPY. 2017; 26(3): 195 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 68 |
In Vitro Comparison Of Fluoride Gel Alone and in Combination With Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on Reducing White Spot Lesions in Primary Teeth |
|
| Fatemeh Molaasadollah,Mohammad Asnaashari,Fatemeh Mashhadi Abbas,Maral Jafary | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2017; 8(4): 160 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 69 |
Laser Surgery of Soft Tissue in Orthodontics: Review of the Clinical Trials |
|
| Massoud Seifi,Negin-Sadat Matini | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2017; 8(Suppl 1): S1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 70 |
The Effectiveness of Er.Cr.YSGG Laser in Sustained Dentinal Tubules Occlusion Using Scanning Electron Microscopy |
|
| Al Hanouf Al Habdan | | Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy. 2017; 7(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 71 |
The Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on Bone Healing After Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Systematic Review |
|
| Foteini G. Skondra,Despina Koletsi,Theodore Eliades,Eleftherios Terry R. Farmakis | | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 72 |
Comparison of effects of LLLT and LIPUS on fracture healing in animal models and patients: A systematic review |
|
| Mohammad Bayat,Amarjit Virdi,Reza Jalalifirouzkouhi,Fatemehalsadat Rezaei | | Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 73 |
Comparison of the in vitro effects of low-level laser therapy and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy on bony cells and stem cells |
|
| Mohammad Bayat,Amarjit Virdi,Fatemehalsadat Rezaei,Sufan Chien | | Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 74 |
Phototherapy for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes |
|
| Hong-Tao Wang,Jin-Qiu Yuan,Bin Zhang,Mao-Long Dong,Chen Mao,Dahai Hu | | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 75 |
Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Application for the Treatment of Periodontal Furcation Involvements |
|
| Linhua Ge,Yunxin Zhang,Rong Shu | | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 76 |
On-Site Surface Functionalization for Titanium Dental Implant with Nanotopography: Review and Outlook |
|
| Byung Gyu Kim,Seog-Jin Seo,Jung-Hwan Lee,Hae-Won Kim | | Journal of Nanomaterials. 2016; 2016: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 77 |
The Effect of Energy Densities on the Shear Bond Strength of Self-Adhering Flowable Composite to Er:YAG Pretreated Dentin |
|
| Paul Nahas,Toni Zeinoun,Zeina Majzoub,Karim Corbani,Samir Nammour | | BioMed Research International. 2016; 2016: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 78 |
Diode Laser Clinical Efficacy and Mini-Invasivity in Surgical Exposure of Impacted Teeth |
|
| Mario Migliario,Manuela Rizzi,Alberta Greco Lucchina,Filippo Renò | | Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2016; 27(8): e779 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 79 |
Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation Followed by Low-Laser Therapy versus Miconazole Gel in the Treatment of Denture Stomatitis |
|
| Carolina Menezes Maciel,Marta Rabello Piva,Maria Amália Gonzaga Ribeiro,Thiago de Santana Santos,Cyntia Ferreira Ribeiro,Paulo Ricardo Saquete Martins-Filho | | Journal of Prosthodontics. 2016; 25(1): 28 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 80 |
DERIN DENTIN ÇÜRÜKLERININ TEDAVISINDE ALTERNATIF YENI YÖNTEMLER |
|
| Izgen HACIOGULLARI,Nuran ULUSOY,Esra CENGIZ | | Atatürk Üniversitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016; : 120 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 81 |
The Versatility of 980 nm Diode Laser in Dentistry: A Case Series |
|
| Nahid Derikvand,Zahra Chinipardaz,Sara Ghasemi,Nasim Chiniforush | | Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2016; 7(3): 205 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 82 |
Application of Laser Irradiation for Restorative Treatments |
|
| Amin Davoudi,Maryam Sanei,Hamid Badrian | | The Open Dentistry Journal. 2016; 10(1): 636 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 83 |
Application of High-Power Diode Laser and Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontic Treatment - Review of the Literature |
|
| Dejan Markovic,Dragana Rakaševic,Dijana Trišic | | Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine. 2015; 19(2) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 84 |
Implementation of New Technologies in U.S. Dental School Curricula |
|
| Sheri A. Brownstein,Aseel Murad,Ronald J. Hunt | | Journal of Dental Education. 2015; 79(3): 259 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 85 |
The influence of a novel in-office tooth whitening procedure using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser on enamel surface morphology |
|
| Dimitrios Dionysopoulos,Dimitrios Strakas,Eugenia Koliniotou-Koumpia | | Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2015; 47(6): 503 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 86 |
Selective cytotoxic effects of low-power laser irradiation on human oral cancer cells |
|
| Wei-Zhe Liang,Pei-Feng Liu,Earl Fu,Hao-Sheng Chung,Chung-Ren Jan,Chih-Hsuan Wu,Chih-Wen Shu,Yao-Dung Hsieh | | Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2015; 47(9): 756 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 87 |
Use of Lasers in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders |
|
| Vagish Kumar LS | | International Journal of Laser Dentistry. 2014; 4(2): 43 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 88 |
Lasers in Prosthodontics—Part I: Implantology |
|
| Tarun Kalra,Malvika Nagrath,Geeta Kalra | | International Journal of Laser Dentistry. 2014; 4(2): 49 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 89 |
Erbium,Chromium:Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium-Garnet Laser-assisted Excision of Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma |
|
| Murali Tuppili,Butchi Babu,Uday Kiran Uppada,Sushma Naagmega,Ramesh Amirisetty | | International Journal of Laser Dentistry. 2014; 4(2): 54 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 90 |
Excision of Intraoral Fibroepithelial Polyp using 940 nm Diode Laser |
|
| Vidyaa Hari Iyer,Majety Sharath Chandragupta,Kalaimani Iyappan | | International Journal of Laser Dentistry. 2014; 4(2): 59 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 91 |
Improving Denture-bearing Area using Diode Laser |
|
| Kamalakanth Shenoy,Vidya Bhat,Sonia Sara Jacob | | International Journal of Laser Dentistry. 2014; 4(2): 64 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
 |
|