|
| CASE REPORT |
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 1
| Issue : 1 | Page : 78-80 |
 |
|
Bifid mandibular condyle: Report of two cases of varied etiology
Mohammad Faisal1, Iqbal Ali1, US Pal2, Kalyan Bannerjee3
1 Department of OMFS, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
2 Department of OMFS, C.S.M.MED University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Post Graduate Resident, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 9-Sep-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
Mohammad Faisal
C15, sector G, lda colony, Kanpur road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0975-5950.69156
 Abstract | | |
Bifid condyle is a rare anatomic variation of mandibular condyle. It can be symptomatic or diagnosed incidentally on routine radiographic examination. No definite etiologic factor has been identified. It is suggested that bifid condyle could be a developmental anomaly or secondary to trauma. We are reporting two cases of bifid mandibular condyle. Both were diagnosed using computed tomography scan, which additionally revealed the associated pathosis in the angle of the mandible in first patient and the ankylosis of temporomandibular joint in the second patient. Keywords: Anatomic variation, bifid condyle, condylar duplication, orthopentomograph, reformatted computed tomography, temporomandibular joint ankylosis
How to cite this article:
Faisal M, Ali I, Pal U S, Bannerjee K. Bifid mandibular condyle: Report of two cases of varied etiology. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2010;1:78-80 |
How to cite this URL:
Faisal M, Ali I, Pal U S, Bannerjee K. Bifid mandibular condyle: Report of two cases of varied etiology. Natl J Maxillofac Surg [serial online] 2010 [cited 2023 Jan 29];1:78-80. Available from: https://www.njms.in/text.asp?2010/1/1/78/69156 |
| Introduction | |  |
Bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is an uncommon entity with a controversial etiology. It can be developmental or acquired and rarely may be associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. It was first reported in skeletal specimens in 1941 by Hrdlicka.[1] It has been only occasionally reported since then, probably due to its usually asymptomatic nature. In 1941, Hrdlicka reported the first cases of BMC in 21 specimens from an unspecified number of dried skulls, and in 1948, Sicher [2] first reported this anomaly in a living person. Honee and Bloem described a case of bifid condyle in the cadaver of a 71-year-old patient. [3]
Although this type of morphologic change is generally associated with trauma, conditions such as teratogenic drug use, genetic inheritance, infection and exposure to radiation can also cause the development of this anomaly.
| Case Report | | |
Case 1
The first patient was a 14-year-old female with a history of extraction of lower decayed and painful left first molar done about 3 months earlier. The patient continued to have pain and recurrent swelling on and off after extraction and was managed by her treating dentist with medications. The patient presented to the department with dull pain and facial swelling in relation to lower left molar region extending to the angle of mandible. Limited mouth opening had persisted since extraction and was getting worst. Intraorally, she had multiple discharging sinuses in third molar region. Orthopentomograph (OPG) picture was suggestive of chronic osteomyelitis with sequestrating bone. Axial and coronal computed tomography (CT) images of bilateral TMJ and mandible with multiplanar reformatting (MPR) were done for evaluating any pathologic fracture and TMJ pathosis. They showed deformity involving the left angle of the mandible. There was a bifid condyle with condylar heads located anteroposteriorly. These findings are best seen on the axial and sagittal images [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Coronal and axial CT images demonstrate left BMC oriented anteroposteriorly with articular surface irregularity
Click here to view |
Case 2
The second patient was a 12-year-old female patient, referred for CT examination for evaluation of mild facial asymmetry and suspected TMJ ankylosis. There was a history of trauma. She had a reduced degree of jaw opening since childhood, and subsequently developed midline deviation to the left along with difficulty in mastication. Axial CT of the mandible with coronal and sagittal reformation was done. These images demonstrated sagittal splitting of the left mandibular condyle into medial and lateral condylar head. There was reduced joint space involving the normal side temporomandibular joint. Axial Images showed bifid mandibular condyle on the left side. There was BMC with the condylar heads oriented mediolaterally [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: Sagittal CT images showing right bifid condyle oriented mediolaterally
Click here to view |
| Discussion
| | |
Bifid condyle is a rare anomaly with an unclear etiology. Szentpetery et al, in their study of 1882 cadaveric skulls, found the incidence of BMC to be 0.48%. A report of four cases of bifid condyles presented by Loh and Yeo [4] included one involving an edentulous cadaver. In a literature review of reported cases in living patients, Cowan and Ferguson [5] (1997) found 36 patients with bifid condyles. Subsequently, four cases by Stefanou et al and two other cases [6],[7] have been reported. Recently, Artvinli and Kansu [8] (2003) and Antoniades et al (2004) [9] have reported the first two cases of trifid condyle in patients who also had bifid condyles on the other side. Bilateral bifid condyles are even rarer. Shaber [10] (1987) described the first case of bilateral bifid condyles in a living patient. Since then 10 more cases have been reported. [5],[8],[11],[12] Current literature review in living patients revealed a total of 45 cases of bifid condyle, out of which 11 cases are bilateral, giving a ratio of approximately 3:1. However, if the survey of the dry skulls [1],[13] and cadaveric reports [3],[4] are included, then the total number is 84 cases, of which 15 are bilateral. This raises the ratio of unilateral to bilateral cases to 4.6:1.
There is no definite predilection for either sex or for any race. They appear to be more common on the left side in unilateral cases by a ratio of 2:1. [4] Most cases (67%) are asymptomatic and are found on routine dental radiographic examination. [4],[8] However, some have been reported in patients presenting with TMJ symptoms, [14],[15] swelling, [16] trauma, [17] or ankylosis. [18],[19] This is in addition to the cases of bifid condyles associated with ankylosis.
Etiology of bifid condyle is unknown. Two major etiologies of bifid condyle have been postulated. The embryologic theory suggests that it is due to the obstruction of the blood supply to the condyle or the persistence of the vascularized fibrous septa. Another theory postulates trauma as the cause with disruption or dislocation of joint integrity due to birth trauma, condylar fractures or surgical condylectomy [20] In separate studies conducted by Loh and Yeo [4] and Antoniades et al, [8] it was found that most cases of bifid condyle were asymptomatic and not associated with any history of trauma.. The site of fracture of the mandibular condyle and its relation to the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscles are factors determining the future development of bifid condyle.
Other causes that have been proposed include genetics, endocrine disturbances, infection, radiation, nutritional deficiencies, and exposure to teratogenic substances. Support for the latter suggestion comes from the work of Gundlach et al,[21] who experimentally induced bifid condyles in rats by injecting teratogenic substances such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and formhydroxamic acid in different concentrations, at various stages of pregnancy. The extent of bifid condyle may range from a shallow groove to discrete condylar heads and the orientation may be anteroposterior or mediolateral. It has been postulated that anteroposterior splitting usually occurs in patients with identifiable antecedent trauma, while mediolateral splitting is usually developmental in origin. But here in our patient we have seen that there was a history of trauma for the mediolaterally splitted condyle and the anteroposterior splitting was because of osteomyelitis and the patient denied any previous trauma in all her life.
Szentpetery et al. [13] have suggested that when two condylar parts lie in the sagittal plane, trauma is indicated as the cause, and when the parts lie in the coronal plane, the persistence of the fibrous septa at the condylar cartilage is likely to be the cause. While this may be true for the majority of cases, some mediolateral bifid condyles have been reported following sagittal fracture through the condylar head.
According to Blackwood, [22] two articulating surfaces of the BMC were divided by a groove and could be orientated mediolaterally or anteroposteriorly, characterizing a specific entity. In this case report, as postulated above, groove formation and presence of medial and lateral head of both condyles clearly demonstrated the formation of the BMC.
Majority of the cases are detected during routine radiographic examination. In most of the cases, patients have no symptoms. However, BMC is reported to be associated with pain, swelling, restricted mouth opening and most commonly TMJ clicking. In our case due to the lack of clinical symptoms, diagnosis is made by radiographic findings.
CT scan is the best radiograph for detection of BMC because it allows for detailed evaluation of condylar morphology. However, BMC can also be seen on OPG, but sometimes the overlapping of the anatomic structures can hide the bifidity.
In summary, BMC, an anatomic variation of condyle is a rare anomaly whose etiology is unknown. In the present case, diagnosis is confirmed using CT scan. The association of bifid condyle with TMJ ankylosis is rare and needs careful evaluation. [23] TMJ ankylosis can be either bony or fibrous. It may be a consequence of trauma, infection or degenerative disease. Literature says that it is most commonly due to facial trauma in the early stages of development. The radiologic appearance of TMJ ankylosis is widely variable. Appropriate treatment for BMC depends on the symptoms. Patients with internal articular derangement should be treated with occlusal splints and arthroscopic surgery, while patients with associated articular ankylosis may need surgical condylectomy or arthroplasty. Awareness of this abnormality will help to avoid mistaking it for a fracture or a tumor. Our first case also illustrates the point that BMC may be associated with TMJ ankylosis. Such a case requires detailed clinical examination and evaluation by CT for further management and for prognosticating the outcome.
| References | | |
| 1. | Hrdlicka A. Lower jaw: Double condyles. Am J Phys Anthropol 1941;28:75-89.  |
| 2. | Schier MB. The temporomandibular joint: A consideration of its probable functional and dysfunctional sequelae and report condyle double head in a young person. Dent Items Interest 1948;70:779-87. [PUBMED] |
| 3. | Honee GL, Bloem JB. Bicondylar caput mandibulae; een anatosche variete in her kaakgewricht. Nederl T Tandheelk 1969;76:894-9. |
| 4. | Loh FC, Yeo JF. Bifid condyle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1990;69:24-7 |
| 5. | Preda L, Baciliero U, Bernasconi G, Sammarchi L, Magenta Biasina A. Bilateral bifid mandibular condyle. Report of a case and review of the literature. Radiol Med 1999;97:411-4. [PUBMED] |
| 6. | Garcia-Gonzalez D, Martin-Granizo R, Lopez P. Imaging quiz case 4. Bifid mandibular condyle. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:795,798-9. |
| 7. | Artvinli LB, Kansu O. Trifid mandibular condyle: A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:251-4. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Antoniades K, Hadjipetrou L, Antoniades V, Paraskevopoulos K. Shaber EP. Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles. Cranio 1987;5:191-5. |
| 9. | McCormick SU, McCormick SA, Graves RW, Pifer RG. Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles. Report of three cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1989;68:555-7. |
| 10. | Stefanou EP, Fanourakis IG, Vlastos K, Katerelou J. Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles. Report of four cases. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1998;27:186-8. [PUBMED] |
| 11. | Lysell G, Oberg T. Unilateral doubling of the mandibular condyle. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1975;4:95-8. |
| 12. | Szentpetery A Kocsis G,marcsik A. The problem of the bifid mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:1254-7. |
| 13. | Quayle AA, Adams JE. Supplemental mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;24:349-56. [PUBMED] |
| 14. | Farmand M. Mandibular condylar head duplication. A case report. J Maxillofac Surg 1981;9:59-60. [PUBMED] |
| 15. | Thomason JM, Yusuf H. Traumatically induced bifid mandibular condyle: A report of two cases. Br Dent J 1986;161:291-3. [PUBMED] |
| 16. | Stadnicki G. Congenital double condyle of the mandible causing temporomandibular joint ankylosis. J Oral Surg 1971;29:208-11. [PUBMED] |
| 17. | To EW. Mandibular ankylosis associated with a bifid condyle. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1989;17:326-8. [PUBMED] |
| 18. | Al Kayat A, Bramley P. A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandbular joint and malar arch. Br J Oral Surg 1979;17:91-103. |
| 19. | Thomason JM, Yusuf H. Traumatically induced bifid mandibular condyle: Report of two cases. Br Dent J 1986;161:291-3. [PUBMED] |
| 20. | Gundlach KK, Furman A, Beckmann-Van der Ven G. The double-headed mandibular condyle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987;64:249-53. |
| 21. | Blackwood HJ. The double-headed mandibular condyle. Am JPhys Anthropol 1957;15:1-8. |
| 22. | Sales MA, Oliveira JX, Cavalcanti MG. Computed tomography imaging findings of simultaneous bifid mandibular condyle and temporomandibular joint ankylosis: Case report. Braz Dent J 2007;18:74-7. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 23. | Daniels JS, Ali I. Post-traumatic bifid condyle associated with temporomandibular joint ankylosis: Report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99:682-8. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Multiheaded mandibular condyles |
|
| Merve Yelken Kendirci, Sevde Göksel, Ilknur Özcan | | Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Trifid Mandibular Condyle: Case Report and Current Review of the Literature |
|
| Nour Zoabi, Lazar Kats, Alon Ram, Alona Emodi-Perlman | | Life. 2022; 12(7): 976 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Bifid Mandibular Condyle as the Hidden Cause for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder |
|
| Rajashri R,Senthilnathan Periasamy,Santhosh P Kumar | | Cureus. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Temporomandibular joint alterations: two clinical case-reports of bifid condyle and temporomandibular joint ankylosis |
|
| Mariana Campos Limongi,Flávio Ricardo Manzi,José Benedito Fonseca Limongi | | Revista CEFAC. 2019; 21(2) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Orthodontic treatment of a patient with severe crowding and unilateral fracture of the mandibular condyle |
|
| Jae Hyun Park,Kiyoshi Tai,Yasumori Sato | | American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2016; 149(6): 899 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Assessment of Condylar Changes in Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Pain Using Digital Volumetric Tomography |
|
| Ujwala Shivarama Shetty,Krishna N. Burde,Venkatesh G. Naikmasur,Atul P. Sattur | | Radiology Research and Practice. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles diagnosed with three-dimensional reconstruction |
|
| JM Tanner,AH Friedlander,TI Chang | | Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2012; 41(8): 691 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Bilateral bifid mandibular condyle with temporomandibular joint ankylosis: A rare entity |
|
| Farheen Badar,Sanna Kirmani,Muddassir Rashid,Ibne Ahmad,Shah Farhan Azfar | | European Journal of Radiology Extra. 2011; 78(1): e53 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
